PESTEL Analysis
Oil Gas Support Services Industry (ISIC 0910)
PESTEL analysis is critically important for the 'Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction' industry. This sector is profoundly influenced by external macro-environmental forces, more so than many others. Its high dependency on the broader O&G sector (ER01), exposure to...
Why This Strategy Applies
An assessment of the macro-environmental factors: Political, Economic, Sociocultural, Technological, Environmental, and Legal. Used to understand the external operating landscape.
GTIAS pillars this strategy draws on — and this industry's average score per pillar
These pillar scores reflect Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction's structural characteristics. Higher scores indicate greater complexity or risk — see the full scorecard for all 81 attributes.
Macro-environmental factors
Increasing global climate policy ambition, coupled with intense ESG and social license pressures, drives accelerated capital divestment and demand erosion, directly undermining long-term industry viability.
Leveraging advanced digital technologies and expertise to diversify service offerings into energy transition, carbon capture, and sustainable resource management creates new growth avenues.
-
Global Climate Policy Shifts negative high medium
Increasing government commitments to decarbonization and net-zero targets lead to policies that disincentivize fossil fuel extraction and related support services, impacting long-term project pipelines (RP01).
Actively monitor and engage with policymakers to advocate for balanced energy transition pathways, while adapting business models to meet evolving regulatory landscapes.
-
Geopolitical Volatility & Energy Security negative high near
Geopolitical conflicts and regional instabilities (RP10) can disrupt global energy markets, create supply chain uncertainty, and lead to strategic shifts in energy security priorities, impacting investment decisions.
Develop robust supply chain resilience strategies and maintain operational flexibility to navigate sudden shifts in regional demand and project feasibility, considering sanctions risk (RP11).
-
National Energy Independence Mandates positive medium medium
Some nations prioritize domestic energy independence due to geopolitical concerns or economic reasons, leading to sustained or increased national exploration and production activities, offering localized opportunities (RP02).
Identify and strategically target regions with strong national energy independence mandates to secure long-term project commitments and mitigate global market volatility.
-
Global Oil & Gas Price Volatility negative high near
Extreme fluctuations in commodity prices directly influence E&P companies' investment decisions, causing project delays, cancellations, and highly unpredictable demand for support services (ER04).
Implement flexible business models, diversify client portfolios across different commodity plays, and focus on cost-efficient service delivery to mitigate revenue instability.
-
ESG-Driven Investment Divergence negative high medium
Financial institutions increasingly divest from fossil fuels and reallocate capital towards renewable energy, reducing access to financing and increasing the cost of capital for traditional oil and gas projects (ER08).
Proactively engage with investors to showcase decarbonization efforts, adopt robust ESG reporting, and explore funding mechanisms for diversified, lower-carbon service offerings.
-
Inflationary Pressures & Supply Chain Costs negative medium near
Rising global inflation increases the cost of materials, equipment, and labor, squeezing profit margins for support service providers already operating with high operating leverage (ER04).
Optimize procurement strategies, secure long-term contracts with suppliers, and explore opportunities for technology-driven cost efficiencies to protect margins.
-
Erosion of Social License to Operate negative high long
Increasing public opposition to fossil fuels, driven by environmental concerns and social activism (CS01, CS03), makes it harder for E&P projects to gain regulatory approval and community acceptance (SU02).
Proactively engage with communities, transparently communicate environmental stewardship efforts, and demonstrate commitment to sustainable practices to build trust and maintain public acceptance.
-
Shifting Workforce Perception & Talent Attraction negative medium medium
A negative perception of the fossil fuel industry among younger generations creates challenges in attracting and retaining skilled talent, particularly those with digital and sustainability expertise (SU02).
Highlight the industry's role in energy security, invest in upskilling and reskilling programs, and promote career paths in sustainable energy solutions to attract and retain a diverse workforce.
-
Demand for Sustainable Practices & ESG positive high medium
Clients and investors increasingly demand verifiable ESG performance and sustainable operational practices from their contractors, creating an opportunity for compliant and innovative providers (CS06).
Integrate robust ESG principles into operational processes, invest in certified sustainable technologies, and transparently report on environmental and social performance.
-
Digital Transformation & Automation positive high near
Advances in AI, IoT, automation, and data analytics optimize operational efficiency, enhance safety, improve decision-making, and reduce costs across the extraction lifecycle (DT06).
Invest heavily in digital technologies, implement data-driven platforms, and upskill employees to leverage AI and automation for competitive advantage.
-
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) positive high medium
CCUS technologies offer a pathway to decarbonize fossil fuel operations, creating new service opportunities for support activities in infrastructure development, monitoring, and injection.
Develop expertise and partnerships in CCUS project development, engineering, and operational support to capitalize on this emerging market segment.
-
Advanced Materials & Robotics positive medium medium
Innovations in materials science and robotics enable more efficient, safer, and environmentally friendly operations, from downhole tools to remote inspection and maintenance.
Collaborate with R&D institutions and technology developers to integrate cutting-edge materials and robotics into existing service offerings, improving performance and safety.
-
Stricter Emissions Regulations negative high near
Governments globally are implementing more stringent regulations on greenhouse gas and methane emissions, requiring significant investment in new technologies and operational changes (SU01).
Invest in emissions reduction technologies and practices, offer services that help clients meet regulatory compliance, and pursue certifications for low-carbon operations.
-
Accelerating Energy Transition negative high long
The global shift towards renewable energy sources and away from fossil fuels represents a fundamental long-term threat to the core business model of traditional oil and gas support services (SU01).
Strategically pivot capabilities and expertise towards supporting renewable energy infrastructure, geothermal, hydrogen production, and other nascent energy transition markets.
-
Water Management & Biodiversity Protection negative medium medium
Increasing scrutiny and regulation around water usage, wastewater treatment, and impact on local ecosystems demand advanced environmental management services and technologies from support companies (SU01).
Develop and implement innovative water treatment, recycling, and biodiversity impact assessment services to help clients manage these critical environmental risks effectively.
-
Increasing Environmental Compliance Burden negative high near
The complexity and stringency of environmental laws (e.g., related to emissions, waste, decommissioning liability) impose significant compliance costs and legal risks on support activities (RP01, SU05).
Establish robust internal compliance frameworks, invest in legal expertise, and leverage technology to ensure adherence to evolving environmental regulations.
-
International Sanctions & Trade Controls negative medium near
Geopolitical tensions lead to complex and frequently updated international sanctions regimes, restricting access to certain markets, technologies, and financial services, complicating global operations (RP06, RP11).
Implement comprehensive sanctions compliance programs, diversify geographic market presence, and conduct thorough due diligence on all international partnerships and transactions.
-
Health, Safety, and Decommissioning Liability negative high medium
Strict health and safety regulations, coupled with increasing liabilities for well abandonment and facility decommissioning, demand high-cost operational standards and long-term financial provisions (SU05).
Prioritize world-class safety standards, invest in advanced decommissioning technologies, and develop integrated end-of-life cycle management services for clients.
Strategic Overview
PESTEL analysis is an indispensable strategic tool for the 'Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction' industry, operating within a highly volatile and transformation-prone global energy landscape. The industry is directly impacted by shifting political agendas (e.g., climate policies, geopolitical conflicts), economic cycles (oil price volatility, investment trends), evolving societal expectations (ESG pressures, social license), technological advancements (digitalization, new extraction methods), stringent environmental regulations (emissions, waste management), and complex legal frameworks (international trade, labor laws).
Given the industry's high dependency on the O&G sector (ER01) and significant exposure to geopolitical risks (ER02, RP10), a thorough PESTEL assessment provides critical foresight into both threats and opportunities. It helps firms anticipate changes that could influence demand for their services, increase operational costs, or create new market niches. For instance, increasing environmental regulations (SU01, RP01) might create demand for specialized emission reduction or remediation services, while geopolitical instability (RP02, RP06) can disrupt supply chains or access to markets.
Regular and in-depth PESTEL analysis enables firms in this sector to mitigate risks, identify areas for diversification, and strategically align their long-term investments and operational practices with the evolving external environment. This is crucial for navigating the 'Vulnerability to Energy Transition' (ER01) and ensuring long-term resilience in a challenging market.
4 strategic insights for this industry
Policy and Regulatory Shifts Drive Investment Cycles
Government energy policies, climate change commitments (e.g., Paris Agreement), and regional regulatory frameworks (RP01) directly impact exploration and production budgets, subsequently affecting demand for support services. Geopolitical tensions and trade sanctions (RP06, RP10) can further restrict market access or increase operational costs. For instance, tighter methane emission regulations may create a new market for leak detection and repair services.
Economic Volatility and Demand Fluctuations
Global economic conditions, particularly commodity prices (oil & gas), directly dictate E&P investment decisions, leading to extreme revenue volatility (ER04). A global recession can significantly reduce demand for new drilling and well services, while a price surge might temporarily boost activity. This necessitates robust financial planning and flexible operational models to manage 'ER05: Demand Stickiness & Price Insensitivity' and 'FR01: Price Discovery Fluidity & Basis Risk'.
Sociocultural Pressure on ESG and Social License
Increasing societal and investor pressure for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) compliance, coupled with growing public opposition to fossil fuels (CS01, CS03), significantly impacts the industry's 'Social License to Operate' (SU02). This can restrict access to capital (CS03), attract talent (MD01), and drive demands for cleaner operations, potentially creating opportunities for services related to environmental remediation, carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS), or methane abatement.
Technological Advancements and Digital Transformation
Advances in automation, AI, machine learning, and IoT are transforming operational efficiency, safety, and decision-making (DT06, DT07). Digital twins, predictive maintenance, and remote operations can significantly reduce costs and improve asset utilization (PM03). However, these require substantial investment and address 'DT06: Operational Blindness & Information Decay' and 'DT07: Syntactic Friction & Integration Failure Risk' while potentially displacing some traditional labor.
Prioritized actions for this industry
Establish a dedicated Macro-Environmental Monitoring & Scenario Planning function.
Given the extreme external volatility, a formal function to continuously monitor political, economic, social, technological, environmental, and legal trends is crucial. This will enable proactive identification of emerging threats and opportunities, allowing for agile strategic adjustments and mitigating 'DT02: Intelligence Asymmetry & Forecast Blindness' and 'ER01: Vulnerability to Energy Transition'.
Diversify service offerings towards energy transition and sustainability solutions.
Leverage existing expertise (e.g., drilling, well services, project management) to expand into related 'green' sectors such as geothermal energy, carbon capture and storage (CCUS), hydrogen infrastructure, or environmental remediation. This proactive diversification addresses 'ER01: Limited Cross-Sectoral Transferability' and 'SU01: Escalating Regulatory Burden & Compliance Costs' by aligning with future energy demands.
Strengthen government relations and engage in industry advocacy for balanced energy policies.
Proactively engage with policymakers, industry associations, and regulatory bodies to advocate for policies that support a stable energy transition, ensure regulatory clarity, and mitigate adverse impacts on the industry. This helps manage 'RP01: Structural Regulatory Density' and 'RP07: Categorical Jurisdictional Risk' and protect business interests.
Invest in advanced digital technologies and employee reskilling programs.
Embrace digitalization (e.g., AI, IoT, digital twins) to enhance operational efficiency, safety, and reduce environmental impact. Simultaneously, invest in reskilling the workforce to adapt to new technologies and emerging service demands in both O&G and new energy sectors, addressing 'DT06: Operational Blindness & Information Decay' and 'ER07: Talent Development & Retention Costs'.
From quick wins to long-term transformation
- Conduct an initial PESTEL workshop with senior leadership to identify immediate threats and opportunities.
- Subscribe to specialized industry and geopolitical intelligence reports.
- Assign internal roles for monitoring specific PESTEL categories (e.g., legal team for L, sustainability lead for E&S).
- Integrate PESTEL findings into annual strategic planning cycles and risk assessments.
- Develop initial scenario plans for high-impact PESTEL factors (e.g., 'accelerated energy transition,' 'prolonged high oil prices').
- Form cross-functional teams to explore diversification opportunities identified through PESTEL.
- Initiate pilot projects for new technologies or sustainable service offerings.
- Embed PESTEL analysis as a core, continuous strategic intelligence process.
- Achieve significant diversification of revenue streams away from traditional O&G support.
- Establish a strong brand reputation as a leader in sustainable energy support services.
- Influence policy development through consistent, well-researched advocacy.
- Treating PESTEL as a one-off exercise rather than continuous monitoring.
- Failing to translate PESTEL insights into actionable strategic initiatives.
- Underestimating the speed or impact of certain external changes (e.g., regulatory shifts, technological disruption).
- Over-reliance on historical data rather than forward-looking projections.
- Lack of diverse perspectives in the analysis leading to blind spots.
Measuring strategic progress
| Metric | Description | Target Benchmark |
|---|---|---|
| Number of identified threats/opportunities addressed | Count of strategic initiatives launched in response to PESTEL insights. | Minimum of 3 strategic initiatives per year based on PESTEL analysis. |
| Revenue from new/diversified service lines | Percentage of total revenue derived from services developed in response to PESTEL insights (e.g., CCUS support, geothermal drilling). | >15% of total revenue from new service lines within 5 years. |
| Regulatory compliance costs (as % of revenue) | Tracking the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of compliance with evolving regulations. | Maintain or reduce compliance costs as a percentage of revenue through proactive management. |
| ESG Rating/Score Improvement | Enhancement in externally assessed ESG performance, reflecting improved environmental and social practices. | Achieve top quartile ESG rating within industry peers within 3 years. |
| Economic Forecast Accuracy | Accuracy of internal forecasts for key economic indicators (e.g., oil price, CapEx spending) compared to actuals. | <10% deviation from actuals for critical economic forecasts. |
Software to support this strategy
These tools are recommended across the strategic actions above. Each has been matched based on the attributes and challenges relevant to Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction.
Buddy Punch
14-day free trial • 10,000+ businesses trust Buddy Punch
In high labour-intensity industries, untracked hours and payroll errors directly erode margins — Buddy Punch's GPS time clock and automated payroll reduce the gap between scheduled and paid labour, converting time leakage into cost recovery
Online time clock and payroll software for SMBs with hourly and shift-based workforces — GPS clock-in/out, facial recognition, geofencing, PTO tracking, scheduling, and integrated payroll processing. Reduces time-card fraud and payroll errors for industries where labour is the primary cost driver.
Stop paying for hours that don't show upIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Deputy
300,000+ businesses worldwide • Award-compliant scheduling
Deputy's scheduling analytics and demand-based roster optimisation directly address labour productivity risk — reducing over- and under-staffing in shift-based operations where labour cost is the primary variable expense.
Deputy is a workforce scheduling and compliance platform for shift-based businesses — automating shift creation, award interpretation (AU/UK labour law), time tracking, and payroll integration. Built for hospitality, retail, healthcare, and logistics teams.
Build compliant shift schedules in minutesIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Tellent
20% commission Year 1 • 7,000+ companies worldwide
Performance management tools close the measurement gap in labour-intensive industries — structured goal setting, feedback cycles, and performance visibility reduce the efficiency loss from unmanaged or inconsistently managed workforce output
Modular ATS, HRIS, and performance management platform covering the full hiring-to-performance lifecycle. Trusted by 7,000+ companies globally. Helps mid-sized organisations attract, assess, and retain talent through structured candidate pipelines, goal setting, and performance visibility.
Build the talent pipeline your rivals don't haveIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Kit
Free plan available • Email marketing built for creators
An owned email list is the primary structural defence against de-platforming — when social media accounts are restricted, suspended, or algorithmically suppressed, Kit's direct subscriber relationship survives intact and cannot be taken away by a platform policy change
Email marketing platform built for creators and solopreneurs — grows and monetises audiences through automations, landing pages, and segmented broadcasts. Formerly ConvertKit.
Own your audience — no algorithm neededIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Brand24
Monitor brand mentions in real time • Free trial available
Brand monitoring is the earliest possible intervention in the CS03 risk cascade — detecting coordinated boycott activity, activist campaign mentions, and de-platforming threats the moment they appear across 25M+ sources gives businesses the response window to act before organised social opposition hardens into structural reputational damage
Real-time media monitoring platform that tracks brand mentions across social media, news, blogs, forums, videos, reviews, and podcasts. Gives businesses instant visibility into what is being said about them — and their competitors — across the open web, so reputational risks can be detected and contained before negative sentiment hardens.
Catch the conversation before it catches youIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Freshdesk
150,000+ customers • SLA enforcement and audit trails built in
Industries with high cultural friction and normative misalignment generate elevated complaint volumes — Freshdesk's ticketing system, SLA enforcement, and escalation workflows provide the operational infrastructure to manage that complaint load before it becomes structural reputational damage
Cloud-based customer support platform used by 150,000+ businesses — shared inbox, SLA enforcement, ticket automation, audit trails, and multi-channel support across email, phone, chat, and social.
Resolve every ticket before it escalatesIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Healthie
Free trial available • Built for dietitians, therapists, and coaches
HIPAA-compliant platform with built-in regulatory workflows reduces the burden of healthcare's dense regulatory compliance requirements
All-in-one EHR, scheduling, and telehealth platform for health and wellness providers. Powers virtual care delivery, client management, billing, and group programs for practices of any size.
Run a HIPAA-compliant practice from day oneIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Carepatron
Free plan available • Built for therapists, counselors, and health coaches
HIPAA-compliant platform with built-in regulatory workflows reduces the compliance burden for health and wellness practitioners managing protected health information
AI-powered practice management and EHR platform for health and wellness professionals. Includes scheduling, telehealth, clinical notes, billing, and client management. Free plan available with unlimited clients — built for solo practitioners and small group practices.
Start seeing clients today, HIPAA-readyIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Gusto
$100 bonus for referred businesses • Trusted by 400,000+ businesses
Modern HR, compensation benchmarking, and benefits administration directly addresses the root drivers of workforce turnover and human capital scarcity
All-in-one payroll, benefits, and HR platform for small and medium businesses. Automates payroll processing, tax filing, employee onboarding, benefits administration, and compliance — reducing the administrative burden of employment law for businesses without a dedicated HR function.
Run payroll, skip the compliance headacheIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Deel
Free HRIS plan available • Hire in 150+ countries
When required skills are structurally scarce domestically, Deel provides compliant access to global talent pools in 150+ countries — directly reducing human capital scarcity risk without requiring a local entity
Global payroll, EOR, and HR platform trusted by 35,000+ businesses in 150+ countries. Handles employment contracts, statutory contributions, mandatory reporting, and local compliance for full-time employees, contractors, and remote teams — so businesses can hire anywhere without in-house legal expertise. Processes $22B+ in payroll annually.
Hire globally without legal riskIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Multiplier
Hire in 150+ countries • No local entity required
When required skills are structurally scarce domestically, Multiplier provides compliant access to global talent pools in 150+ countries — directly reducing human capital scarcity risk without requiring a local entity
Global Employer of Record (EOR) and payroll platform that enables businesses to hire full-time employees and contractors in 150+ countries without establishing a local legal entity. Handles employment contracts, statutory contributions, mandatory payroll filings, benefits administration, and local compliance — covering the full cross-border workforce lifecycle.
Expand to 150 countries without a local entityIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Ramp
$500 welcome bonus • Saves businesses 5% on average
AI-powered spend optimisation automatically identifies cost savings — businesses save 5% on average, directly protecting margin resilience
Corporate card and spend management platform that automatically finds savings and enforces budgets. Designed for finance teams to gain complete visibility and control over business spend.
Cut spend automatically, get $500Independent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
MRPeasy
15+15 day free trial • Best Manufacturing Software 2025 (Gartner)
Production planning aligned to real demand reduces WIP accumulation and compresses the cash conversion cycle — directly addressing operating leverage risk in high-cycle manufacturing
Cloud-based manufacturing ERP/MRP system built for small manufacturers (up to 200 employees). Covers production planning, inventory management, purchasing, order management, and shop floor control — a complete manufacturing operations platform without enterprise complexity. Recognised as Best Manufacturing Software of 2025 by SoftwareAdvice (Gartner).
Plan production, cut wasteIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Connecteam
Free plan available • 36,000+ businesses worldwide
Industries with high logistical friction (mining, construction, field services, logistics) are precisely the sectors with large deskless workforces — Connecteam's scheduling and coordination tools are structurally relevant to the same operational conditions that drive high LI01 scores
Mobile-first workforce management platform for frontline and deskless teams — scheduling, time tracking, task management, internal communications, and digital checklists. Free plan for unlimited users. Built for hospitality, logistics, construction, retail, and other shift-based industries.
Coordinate your frontline team, for freeIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Capsule CRM
10,000+ customers worldwide • Includes Transpond marketing platform
CRM contact and interaction tracking gives growing teams visibility into customer sentiment and service history — reducing the risk of complaints escalating through missed follow-ups or inconsistent handling
Cost-effective CRM for growing teams — manage contacts, track deals and pipeline, build customer relationships, and streamline day-to-day work. Paired with Transpond, a dedicated marketing platform for email campaigns and audience management.
Stop losing deals to missed follow-upsIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Bitdefender
Free trial available • 500M+ users protected • Gartner Customers' Choice 2025
Endpoint protection prevents malware, ransomware, and data exfiltration at the device level — directly protecting data integrity and continuity of business information systems
Enterprise-grade endpoint protection simplified for small and medium businesses. Multi-layered defence against ransomware, phishing, and fileless attacks — with centralised management across all devices. Gartner Customers' Choice 2025; AV-TEST Best Protection 2025.
Block ransomware before it lands, freeIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
NordLayer
14-day free trial • SOC 2 Type II certified
Encrypted network channels and access controls ensure data integrity, reducing the risk of tampered or intercepted information flowing through business systems
Business network security platform providing zero-trust network access, secure remote access, and threat protection for distributed teams of any size.
Secure remote access, free trialIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Bolt for Business
50,000+ businesses trust Bolt • 4M+ drivers globally
Car-sharing and micromobility reduce Scope 3 business travel emissions; platform provides carbon reporting data to support ESG disclosure obligations.
Bolt for Business simplifies company travel — managing rides, car-sharing, and micromobility in one place with automated billing and reports, powered by a 4M+ driver network.
Simplify employee travel spendIndependent recommendation matched to this industry's risk profile. We may earn a commission if you purchase — this never affects matching or scores.
Other strategy analyses for Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction
Also see: PESTEL Analysis Framework
This page applies the PESTEL Analysis framework to the Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction industry (ISIC 0910). Scores are derived from the GTIAS system — 81 attributes rated 0–5 across 11 strategic pillars — which quantifies structural conditions, risk exposure, and market dynamics at the industry level. Strategic recommendations follow directly from the attribute profile; they are not generic advice.
Reference this page
Cite This Page
If you reference this data in an article, report, or research paper, please use one of the formats below. A link back to the source is always appreciated.
Strategy for Industry. (2026). Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction — PESTEL Analysis Analysis. https://strategyforindustry.com/industry/support-activities-for-petroleum-and-natural-gas-extraction/pestel/